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      教学过程的基本环节</h1>
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          <p>分为备课，上课， 布置作业和批改，课外辅导，学生成绩检查和评定。</p>
<h1 id="备课"><a href="#备课" class="headerlink" title="备课"></a>备课</h1><h2 id="备课的概念"><a href="#备课的概念" class="headerlink" title="备课的概念"></a>备课的概念</h2><p>老师根据课程标准和课程特点和学生情况，决定上课的顺序和讲述的内容，<br>备课是教学过程的起始环节，备好课是上好课的先决条件。</p>
<h2 id="备课的要求"><a href="#备课的要求" class="headerlink" title="备课的要求"></a>备课的要求</h2><h3 id="做好三方的工作（三备）"><a href="#做好三方的工作（三备）" class="headerlink" title="做好三方的工作（三备）"></a>做好三方的工作（三备）</h3><p>1.转眼教材：备课教材，课程标准，课程教材，辅导书，他们是指导文件，上课备课的标准，和理解，掌握，明确思路的依据。对于准备要经过懂，透，化三个阶段。<br>2.了解学生（备学生）：了解学生原有的知识和技能，学习方法和爱好，对学生会出现哪些问题和困难做出评价和预测。<br>3.设计教法（备教法）：是如何吧自己掌握的内容教授给学生，注意的是课的类型，如何安排活动，上课的节奏，还应该注意学生的学法，预习，复习等等。</p>
<h3 id="写好三个计划"><a href="#写好三个计划" class="headerlink" title="写好三个计划"></a>写好三个计划</h3><p>1.学期（或学年）的计划<br>对一学年的要做的工作的计划，包括，学生情况的了解，本学期学年的教学要求， 各个课题单元，章节，活动的安排，各个课题运用的手段。<br>2.课题（单元）计划。<br>针对课题或者单元的全方面考虑。课题的名称，课程的教学目标，划分，科室的教学任务和内容，课的内容，教学方法，还应该考虑课程之间的联系，做好沟通。<br>3.课时计划（教案）<br>拟定的上课计划，包括，班级，学科姓名，教授时间，课题和教学目标，课的类型，教学方法，教具，教学的过程，板书的设计，教学反思等等，<br>其中教授内容是主要部分。</p>
<h1 id="上课"><a href="#上课" class="headerlink" title="上课"></a>上课</h1><h2 id="课的类型"><a href="#课的类型" class="headerlink" title="课的类型"></a>课的类型</h2><p>教学任务：</p>
<ul>
<li>传授知识课</li>
<li>巩固知识课</li>
<li>培养技能课<br>完成任务的类型数</li>
<li>单一课：完成一种教学任务</li>
<li>综合课：完成多种教学任务<br>教学方法</li>
<li>讲授课，演示课，练习课，实验课，复习课</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="课的结构"><a href="#课的结构" class="headerlink" title="课的结构"></a>课的结构</h2><p>上课的各个组成部分，以及进行这儿部分的顺序时间，关系等等。<br>综合课包括组织教学，检查复习，教授新的材料，巩固新的材料，布置课外作业等等。</p>
<h2 id="一堂好课的基本标准"><a href="#一堂好课的基本标准" class="headerlink" title="一堂好课的基本标准"></a>一堂好课的基本标准</h2><ul>
<li>目标明确</li>
<li>内容正确：教学内容具有科学性和思想性</li>
<li>方法得当：按照讲授的内容合理讲解。</li>
<li>结构合理：内容安排合理，有主有次，循序渐进</li>
<li>语言艺术：语言要普通话，简洁明了，生动有条理</li>
<li>板书有序：板书有序，层次清晰</li>
<li>态度从容：讲师态度自信从容</li>
<li>充分发挥学生的主体性：根本要求，基础要求，是其他的先决条件</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="课外作业的布置和批改"><a href="#课外作业的布置和批改" class="headerlink" title="课外作业的布置和批改"></a>课外作业的布置和批改</h1><p>是教学内容的延续和补充，<br>目的：1.加深巩固知识的理解<br>2.掌握知识变为技能<br>3.发展智力和能力。</p>
<h2 id="课外作业的形式"><a href="#课外作业的形式" class="headerlink" title="课外作业的形式"></a>课外作业的形式</h2><ol>
<li>阅读作业：阅读教科书，参考书，各种课外读物</li>
<li>口头作业：朗读，背诵</li>
<li>书面作业：练习题，作文，绘图</li>
<li>实践活动作业：实验，测量，各种技能训练。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="布置作业的要求"><a href="#布置作业的要求" class="headerlink" title="布置作业的要求"></a>布置作业的要求</h2><p>1.作业要求和讲述的内容的范围一致，有一定的深度和范围，有利于巩固知识和技能<br>2.作业要有代表性，分量要适中，难度要适中，不可以搞题海战术，<br>3.作业应该与教科数的内容有所关联但是不能一模一样，做到触类旁通的目的。<br>4.作业应该具有启发性，并且鼓励学生自由探索，进行创造<br>5.作业尽量与现代生产和社会实际结合，但是不可牵强附会。<br>5.对于作业的完成应该规定完成的时间，并且给复杂的作业应该给予启发式的提示。</p>
<h2 id="作业批改的方式"><a href="#作业批改的方式" class="headerlink" title="作业批改的方式"></a>作业批改的方式</h2><p>有</p>
<ul>
<li>全批全改</li>
<li>重点批改</li>
<li>轮流批改</li>
<li>师生共同批改</li>
<li>师生交互批改<br>培养学生发现问题，解决问题能力<h2 id="批改作业的要求"><a href="#批改作业的要求" class="headerlink" title="批改作业的要求"></a>批改作业的要求</h2>1.及时批改作业，让学生养成及时完成作业的良好习惯<br>2.要注意学生在知识技能方面存在的漏洞<br>3.仔细评价，给出作业的成绩和评语，明确要求。<br>4.吧作业的结果反馈给学生，纠正学生作业中的错误并且指明原因<br>5.大多数同学的错误要重点讲解，对学生进行辅导。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="课外辅导"><a href="#课外辅导" class="headerlink" title="课外辅导"></a>课外辅导</h1><h2 id="课外辅导的概念"><a href="#课外辅导的概念" class="headerlink" title="课外辅导的概念"></a>课外辅导的概念</h2><p>是在教学活动外进行的，是对学生学习态度，学习方法，学习习惯的指导，起目的在于因材施教。<br>课外辅导是教学的补充，不是简单的重复工作，而是要跟根据学生具体情况指导，</p>
<h2 id="课外辅导的内容"><a href="#课外辅导的内容" class="headerlink" title="课外辅导的内容"></a>课外辅导的内容</h2><p>不包括不限于解答学生问题，辅导作业，为有困难学生提供帮助，因病缺席的学生提供补课，给成绩特别优异的学生指导。等等。</p>
<h2 id="课外辅导的要求"><a href="#课外辅导的要求" class="headerlink" title="课外辅导的要求"></a>课外辅导的要求</h2><p>1.根据实际对象确认辅导内容方法。<br>2.是教学内容的补充，不是主体部分，不能把主要精力放在这方面<br>3.课外辅导目的要明确，采用启发式，调动学生积极性和主动性<br>4.师生注意平等，鼓励学生提出问题。<br>5.加强学生思想教育和学习方法的指导。优化辅导效果</p>
<h1 id="学生学业成绩的检查和评定"><a href="#学生学业成绩的检查和评定" class="headerlink" title="学生学业成绩的检查和评定"></a>学生学业成绩的检查和评定</h1><p>通过过检查评定，获得反馈，调整课程进度和学习过程，提高教学质量。</p>
<h2 id="学生学业成绩的检查和评定方法。"><a href="#学生学业成绩的检查和评定方法。" class="headerlink" title="学生学业成绩的检查和评定方法。"></a>学生学业成绩的检查和评定方法。</h2><h3 id="1-考察"><a href="#1-考察" class="headerlink" title="1. 考察"></a>1. 考察</h3><p>对学生的作业或者成绩或者平时情况进行的检查，主要是获得反馈，改进教学。</p>
<h3 id="2-考试"><a href="#2-考试" class="headerlink" title="2. 考试"></a>2. 考试</h3><p>主要是进行全方面的检查，了解教学效果和教学质量，总结经验，改进教学。<br>考试分为<br>期中考试，期末考试，毕业考试等等。<br>考试方法分为：<br>口试，笔试，具体性实践。<br>考试主要包括三个方面 ：命题，监考，阅卷，<br>其中命题是核心。</p>
<h2 id="学生学业成绩的检查和评定的要求"><a href="#学生学业成绩的检查和评定的要求" class="headerlink" title="学生学业成绩的检查和评定的要求"></a>学生学业成绩的检查和评定的要求</h2><ol>
<li>要科学，有效，可靠</li>
<li>检查和评定要全面，首先要能反映学生对知识的掌握程度，还有反应学生的认识结构</li>
<li>评定和检查的方法要灵活多变。</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><ol>
<li>教学工作分为：备课，上课，批改作业，课外辅导，检查评定几个阶段。<ol>
<li>备课<ol>
<li>什么是备课</li>
<li>备课的具体要求<ol>
<li>备好教材，备好学生，备好教法。</li>
<li>写好学年计划，写好课题计划，写好课时计划。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>上课<ol>
<li>按照任务可以分为什么课，按照完成任务的类型数可以分为哪些课，按照教学方法可以分为哪些课。</li>
<li>组成一节课的有哪几个部分组织教学，检查复习，将授新材料，巩固新教材，布置课外作业等。</li>
<li>一节好课的标准<ol>
<li>目标明确</li>
<li>内容正确</li>
<li>方法得当</li>
<li>节后合理</li>
<li>语言艺术</li>
<li>板书有序</li>
<li>态度从容</li>
<li>充分发挥学生的主动性</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>课外作业的的布置和批改<ol>
<li>课外作业的主要是课堂的延续和补充</li>
<li>课外作业有哪些形式<ol>
<li>阅读，口头，书面，实践。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>布置作业要求<ol>
<li>结合标准要有深度，有代表性和典型性，作业和课本知识有逻辑关系，作业应该是启发式的，作业应该和实际生产生活联系，作业应该有明确的要求，时间等等。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>批改作业的方式<ol>
<li>批改作业方式灵活，可以重点批改，也可以全批全改，也可以老师学生共同批改</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>批改作业的要求<ol>
<li>及时批改，</li>
<li>发现问题，纠正问题，</li>
<li>仔细评定，给出成绩和建议要求。</li>
<li>作业情况反馈学生，纠正学生问题</li>
<li>针对重难点错误较多的课上讲解。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>课外辅导<ol>
<li>什么是课外辅导<ol>
<li>上课的补充，不是上课的简单重复</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>课外辅导的内容<ol>
<li>解答学生问题，给予学生帮助，解决学生困难，给旷课的学生补课等等。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>课外辅导的有什么要去<ol>
<li>实际出发， 目的明确，主义内容和措施，不要把主要精力放在课外辅导上，教授内容启发式，师生要平等相处，将其学习方法和思想道德的教育。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>学生学业成绩的检查评定<ol>
<li>检查的方法<ol>
<li>考查：小测试，发现问题，改进教学</li>
<li>考试：期中，期末，毕业，改进教学质量</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>评定的要求<ol>
<li>科学有效可靠，既有反映学生对知识的掌握也要反应学生 的认知结构。评定的方法灵活多样。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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